一、动词时态
概述时态是一种动词形式,分为“时”和“体”。“时”有现在、过去、将来、过去将来之分;“体”有一般、进行、完成、完成进行之分。动词的动作可发生于四种不同的时间,表示四种不同的“体”。每个“时”+每种“体”都构成一种时态,共十六种时态。根据英语科高考复习大纲要求掌握其中八种动词时态:一般现在时、—般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时。
现以动词study为例,将十六种不同时态列表如下:
时体 | 现在 | 过去 |
一般 |
一般现在时 I study. |
一般过去时 I studied. |
进行 | 现在进行时 I am studying. |
过去进行时 1 was studying. |
完成 | 现在完成时 I have studied. |
过去完成时 I had studied. |
完成 进行 |
现在完成进行时 I have been studying. |
过去完成进行时 I had been studying. |
时体 | 将来 | 过去将来 |
一般 |
一般将来时 I shall study. |
过去将来时 I should study. |
进行 |
将来进行时 I shall be studying. |
过去将来进行时 I should be studying. |
完成 |
将来完成时 I shall have studied. |
过去将来完成时 I should have studied. |
完成 进行 |
将来完成进行时 I shall have been studying. |
过去将来完成进行时 I should have been studying |
二、动词时态的基本用法
(一)一般体
1.一般现在时
(1)表习惯性的、现在反复出现的动作或状态,这类句子常用的时间状语有always,every day,now and then,often,sometimes等。例如:
He usually
① (go) to bed at ten.
他通常十点钟睡觉。
(2)表客观事实或普遍真理。例如:
Sound ② (travel) slower than light.
(3)-些动词如:begin,come,go,leave,start等,用一般现在时表将要发生的动作。例如:
The sports meeting ③ (begin) on(】ctober 5.
(4)if,unless,when,before,as soon as,until,once引导的状i吾从句中,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例如:
Please call me as soon as she arrives.
Ifl ④ (graduate) from school,l'lllook for a part-time job.
2.-般过去时
(l)表示 在过去某一时间点发生的动作,常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)。例如:⑤ (meet) him in the street yesterday.
(2)表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用“u。ed to do”和“would+动词原形”。例如:⑥(use to) leave for school at 7:00 a.m,.
3.-般将来时
(1)表示将来会出现的动作或状态。例如:
They will have an exam in two days.
(2)“be going to+动词原形”表示说话者明确的打算j或确信会发生的事,多用于口语中。例如:
We ⑦ hold a meeting to discuss the problem.
(3)“be about to+动词原形”表示即将发生的动作,意为“正要,即将”,不可与时间状语连用,但可与wh。n或:
as引导的时间状语从句连用。例如:
He was about to leave when x came ;离开As I came,he ⑧ leave当我来的时候他正要离开
(4)“be to+动词原形”是按计划或安排要做的事。
例如:
I ⑨meet Mr. Black at ten o'clock this moming.今天上午十点我要会见布莱克先生。
(二)进行体
1.现在进行时( am/is/are+doing)(1)表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如:
The workers are building a new hospital.
(2)少数动词amve,begin,come,do,die,go,leave,lose,retum等可用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。例如:
My father is returning at three this afternoonI ⑩(see) him this evening.我今天晚上见他。
2.过去进行时( was/were+doing)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作,常与at that moment,at that time,at this time yesterday等连用。例如:
At this time yesterday,she was having lunch.
(三)完成体
1.现在完成时(have/has+过去分词)(1)表示动作发生在过去并持续到现在,用于某些延续性动词,常与for,smce等时间状语连用。例如:
They have been good friends since their primaryschool days.
She_ ⑾ (live) in Kunming since 1980.
(2)动作发生在过去,对现在产生影响。例如:
The boy has made great progress in English.
(3)现在完成时用在条件或时间状语从句中,表示将来某个时刻之前完成的动作。例如:
She will come as soon as she has finished her work.
2.过去完成时(had+过去分词)(l)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”。例如:
After he had done his homework,he took a walk inthe garden
(2)用by和before引导的短语,如by that time,bythe end of,before等表示。例如:
By two o'clock yesterday afternoon they had finishedthe work.
(3)在It was the first/second/... time+that从句和It was+-般时间+ since从句中,that从句和slnce从句中的谓语要用过去完成时。例如:
It was the third time that he had stolen things.
It was two months since she_ ⑿一(leave) herhometown
三、动词的语态
(一)动态的语态有主动语态和被动语态之分
(二)被动语态的构成
动词形式 | 时态 |
一般现在时 | am/is/are+过去分词 |
一般过去时 | was/were+过去分词 |
一般将来时 | shall/wiIJ+ be+过去分词 |
现在进行时 | am/is/are+being+过去分词 |
过去进行时 | was/were+being+过去分词 |
现在完成时 | has/have+been+过去分词 |
过去完成时 | had+been+过去分词 |
过去将来时 | should/would+be+过去分词 |
(三)被动语态的用法
1·带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,常把主动结构中的宾语改为主语,而宾语补足语保留不动。例如:
They always keep their classroom clean.Their classroom is always__⒀Lclean*他们总是保持他们的教室干净。
2.有些不及物动词或动词短语无被动形式(h。ppen,take place,break out,belong to等)。例如:
The earthquake一⒁ (break out)at midnight.那次地震是在午夜爆发的。
3.含有情态动词的被动语态,其结构为“情态动词+be+过去分词”。例如:
The books may be kept for three weeks by you.这些书你可以借三周。
4.短语动词的被动语态。短语动词在主动结构中是;一个不可分割的词组,在被动结构中也是如此,不能去掉i后面的介词或副词。例如:
The blind man was often—⒂一(laugh at).那位盲人常受人嘲笑。
(四)主动形式表被动意义。
1·某些感官动词和系动词feel,look,prove,smell.sound,taste等与形容词连用时。例如:
The apples taste delicious.那些苹果味道鲜美。
2.有些不及物动词和副词well,easily等连用时,如bum,cook,clean,draw,play,read,sell,write,wash等。例如The cloth—⒃ (not wash)well.这布料不好洗。
3.在be+adj.+不定式结构中,不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,不定式多用主动形式。常用的形容词有difficult, dangerous, easy,impossible, hard, heavy等。
例如:
His idea is difficult to understand他的想法很难理解。
4.不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。
例如:
She needs a room to live in她需要房子住。
5.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin, close, end,finish, move, open, run, start, shu_t等。例如:
()ur English class一⑩(begin) at 8:00 am every day.
6.形容词worth后面直接加动名词形式表示被动含义。例如:
The book is worth ⑩(read).
参考答案
①goes ②travels ③begins ④graduate⑤met⑥used to ⑦are going to ⑧was about to ⑨am to⑩am seeing⑾has lived⑿had left⒀kept⒁broke out⒂laughed at ⒃doasn't wash ⒄begins⒅reading