一、定语从句
概述在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的有关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as等和关系副词where，when，why等。
关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任的句子成分加下嘉，
先行词 引导词引导词在句中担任的成分
物 that, which 主语、宾语、表语
whose 定语
when, where, why 状语
人 who, that 主语、宾语、表语
whose 定语
whom 宾语、表语
人、物、事 as 主语、宾语、表语
定语从句中选择引导词的依据有两个：一是看先行词是人还是物，二是看引导词在从句中担任的成分。
二.that与which的辨析
1.只用that不用which的情况
(1)先行词是不定代词：all，few，little，much,something，nothing，anything等。例如：
All that we have to do is to practise every day.我们必须做的就是每天练习。
Little that he said is believable他的话很少有可信的。
(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如：
The first lesson thatI leamed will never be forgotten我将永远记得我的第一堂课。
(3)先行词被all，any，。very，each，few，little，no.some等限定词修饰。例如：
Every means that had been tried proved to be useless.
尝试过的每一种方法都证明是无用的。
I have read all the books (that)you gave me.我已读了你给我的所有的书。
(4)先行词被the only，the very，the right，just the修饰时。例如：
He is the only person that l want to talk to.他是我想与之交谈的唯一的人。
This is just the book (that) I'm looking for.这正是我在找的书。
(5)先行词既有人又有物时。例如：
They talked of things and persons that theyremembered in the school.他们谈起了他们所记得的学校里的人和事。
(6) the way作先行词并且引导词在从句中作状语。例如：
I hate the way(that)he talks to his wife.我讨厌他对他妻子说话的方式。
(7) time作先行词表示“次数”，并且引导词在从句中不作成分。例如：
This is the first time( that)l have been here.我是第一次来这儿。
1 won't forget the many times(that)he helped me outof trouble.我不会忘记他一次次地帮我脱离困境。
(8)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that，以免与先行词重复。例如：
Which of us that knows something about physics doesnot know this?我们当中懂得一些物理知识的人有谁不知道这个呢?
2.在下列情况下只用which
(1) which作介词宾语并且与介词一起提至定语从句句首时。例如：
This is the very room in which l was born这正是我出生的那个房间。
It will be something of which you're proud.这将是你为之自豪的东西。
(2)引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、表语宾语时;或以整个句子为先行词时。例如：
He came late again, which made the teacher angry.
他又来晚了，这让老师很生气。
We all agreed to the plan, which we thought was olgreat value我们都同意这个计划，认为它很有价值。
三、其他词引导的定语从句
1.whose引导的定语从句
(1) whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语，whose用作定语。例如：
那就是我们刚才看了他的绘画的那个孩子。
[误]That's the childwhose we looked at dIaWmg just no、[正]That's the child—__、ive looked at just now.
(2) whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替whose，但词序不同，即whose+名词- the+名词+ofwhich。例如：
Ihe novelwhose title is Red and Black is very interesting
(二)标题为《红与黑》的那部小说很有趣。
He lives in the room whose window faces south(- thewindow of which)-f也住在窗户朝南的房间里。
注意：which也可用作定语，但不表示所属关系，而是相当于this或that的含义。
如：He stayed in England for three years, duringwhich time he learned English他在英国住了三年，在此期间他学会了英语。
2.when，where，why引导的定语从句
when，where，why分别引导先行词为表示时间、地点和原因的名词之后的定语从句，并且在从句中作状语。
I know the reason why he came late.我知道他迟到的原因。
This is the place where we lived for five years.这就是我们住了五年的地方。
1 will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu我不会忘记遇见刘先生的那一天。
注意：(1)先行词表示地点时，有时用where，有时用that或which引导定语从句。这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的来判断，是及物动词的就用that( which)，否则用where。即引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时就用that( which)，否则就用where。
This is the house_ __he lived last year.
{这就是他去年住的房子。
{ These are the houses——were built ten yearsAgo.这些是十年前建的房子。
(2)先行词表示时间时，若引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，用that( which);引导词在从句中作状语就用when。.I'll never forget the days we spent together.
我不会忘记我们在一起度过的日子。
Do you still remember the day____we first met?
你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗?
3.who，whom引导的定语从句
(1) who用作主语、宾语或表语;whom作宾语或表语。
This is the man_ _helped me.这就是帮我的那个人。
The doctor____you are looking for is in theroom你找的那个医生在房间里。
但如果引导词用作介词的宾语，且介词与引导词一起提到宾语从句的句首，则必须用whom引导定语从句。
例如：
She's such a girl with whom you can share yoursorrow and happiness.她是个可以与你同甘共苦的女孩。
(2)若先行词为人，其关系代词既可用who，whom，也可用that。
The girl who(that)is speaking at the meeting is ourmonitor.正在会上发言的那个女孩子是我们的班长。
但在下列情况下多用who。
(D关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who。
Do you know the man who spoke just now?
刚才发言的人你认识吗?
The doctor who treated me was very experienced.
给我治病的医生是很有经验的。
②先行词为all，anyone，one，ones等时，多用who。
All who heard the news were excited.
所有听到这消息的人都感到兴奋。
Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.
任何破坏法规的人都将受到惩罚。
③先行词为those和people时，多用who。
___ _ please sign their names here.
想去的人请在这里签名。
People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.
有时候，眼睛看得见的人也会做出同样的蠢事。
④在非限制性定语从句中须用who。
Tom's father, who is over sixty, still works hard.
汤姆的父亲已年过六旬，依然努力工作着。
Mr. Green,____ ,will teach us physics next term格林先生，就是你昨天在图书馆见过的那个人，下学期将教我们物理。
⑤在被分隔的定语从句中须用who。
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teachyou German教你们德语的新教师明天来。
⑥在以there be开头的句子中多用who。
There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.
有个陌生人要见我们的校长。
⑦一个句子中带着两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。
The student who was praised at the meeting is themonitor—__and studies very hard.在会上受到表扬的学生是班长，他谦虚好学。
4.as引导的定语从句as引导的限制性定语从句见于the same.，.as*和such...as.句型，其中as为代词，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。
l like the same book as you do.我喜欢的书和你喜欢的一样。
1 want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要和他的一样的词典。
注意辨析：
He wears the same dress that he wore yesterday.
(同一件衣服)1 bought the same dress as she had bought.
(同一类东西)5.as和which引导的定语从句___ _ ,he studies very hard这一点我们都知道，他学习很刻苦。
As is known to all, he is the best student in ourclass.正如大家所知，他是班上最好的学生。
常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above，asis known to all, as it is等。
注意：as和which引导非限制性定语从句时都可代指整个主句内容，二者的区别是：①as引导的定语从句位置灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末;which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后。②as翻译成“正如”“这一点”;which则译为“这件事”。
As is mentioned above, English is easy to learn正如上文所提及的，英语很容易学。
He failed in the examination again,____.
他考试再次不及格，这令他的父母很失望。
参考答案
三、1. (l)whose drawing; (2)the title of which2. (l)where; that/which; (2)that/which; when3. (l)who; whom; (2)③Those who want to go;④who you saw in the library yesterday;⑦that is verymodest5. As we all know; which disappointed his parents