一、介词
介词表示它后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系。
(一)表示地点位置的介词
1.at，in，on，to at表示 在小地方，指“在……附近，旁边”;in表示在大地方’指“在……范围之内”;on表示毗邻，接壤;to表示“在……范围外”，不强调是否接壤。
练习一：
(用at，in，on或to填空)
(1) He arrived～the station at ten
(2) He is sitting__ the desk
(3) He arrived～Shanghai yesterday.
(4) Jiangsu lies～the east of China
(5) Russia lies～the north of China
(6) Fujian is～the south of Jiangsu Provinc
2.a bove，over，on在……上a bove指“在……上方”，不强调是否垂直，与below相对;over指垂直的上方，与under相对，与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触;on表示在某物体上面并与之接触a
(用above, over或on填空)
(7) There is a bridge____the river.
(8) He put his watch____ the desk
(9) The bird is flying____my head.
3 below, under在……下面under表示“在……正下方”;below表示“在……下”，不一定在正下方。
(用below或under填空)
(lO)There is a cat____the table.
(ll)Please write your name____ the line.
(二)表示时间的介词
1.in, on, at在……时
in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。
如in the 20th centuU, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in one's life, in one's thirties等。
on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。
如onMay lst, on Monday, on New Year's Day, ona coldnigbt in January, on a fine rnoming, on &mday aftemoon等。
at表示某一肘刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节、复活节等。
如at 3:20, at this time of year. at the beginning of,at the end of.一at the age of...at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意：在last，next，this，that，some，every等词之
前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day.
2.in，after在……之后
“in+-段时间”作时间状语时，谓语动词用将来时，如My mother will come back in three or four days.
“after+-段时间”作时间状语时，谓语动词用过去时，如 He arrived after five months.
“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后，如She will appear after five o'clock this afternoon.
3.from，smce自从……
from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久，如He studied the piano from the age of three
since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻，通常与完成时连用，如They have lived here since 1978.
4.after, behind在……之后
after主要用于表示时间，如We shall leave after lunch behind主要用于表示位置，如Lucy is hiding behind an oldhouse.
练习二：介词填空 .
(1)____the 1860s
(2)～Tuesday
(3) I.iu Mei will retum my book____three days.
(4)-__my twenties
(5)____the age of 17
(6)____next week
(7)____Sunday morning
(三)表运动方向的介词
across, through通过，穿过
across表示横过，即从物体表面通过，与on有关，如
She swam across the river.
through表示穿过，即从物体内部穿过，与in有关，如
He walked through the forest.
(四)表示“在……之间”的介词：between, among between指在两者之间，如There is a football match between Class ()ne and Class Two on the playground.
among指在三者或三者以上之间，如The teacher is standing among the students.
(五)表示其他意义的介词
1.on, about关于
on表示这本书，这篇文章或演说是严肃的，或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，如There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon He is writing a book on cooking.
about表示内容较为普通，不那么正式，如He told me a lot about his life in the summer vacation.
2 by, with, in表示方法，手段，工具
by表示以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具，如
He makes a living by selling newspapers.
with表示用……工具、手段，一般接具体的工具和手段，如He broke the window with a stone.
in表示用……方式，用……语言(语调，笔墨，颜色)等，如The foreigner spoke to us in English.
3.except, besides除了
except表示除……之外，不包括在内，如Except Mr.Wang, we went to see the film(王先生没去)
besides表示除……之外，包括在内，如Besides Mr.Wang, we also went to see the film(王先生也去了)
练习三：选择括号中的介词填空
(1)WS also learn other six subjects____English in the middle school. (besi\des, except)
(2)The young man spoke to us____French He made a living____helping foreigners.( by, in)
(3) Do you know any differences____American English and British English? (among, between)
(4) Every day more than ten trains go____the tunnel. (across, through)
二.代词
代词是代替名词的词，按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。
1.人称代词
(1)人称代词的数和格，如下表所示。
| 数格 人称 |
单数 | 复数 | ||
| 主格 | 宾格 | 主格 | 宾格 | |
| 笫一人称 | l | me | we | us |
| 第二人称 | you | you | you | you |
第三人称 |
he she |
him her it |
they |
them |
(2)人称代词有主格和宾格之分。通常主格作主语，宾格作宾语。如：
l like table tennis.(作主语)Do you know him?(作宾语)
(3)人称代词还可作表语。作表语时用宾格a如：
-Who is knocking at the door?
-lt's me.
(4)人称代词在than之后与其他人或事物进行比较时，用主格和宾格都可以。如：
He is older than I(me).
2.物主代词(1)表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，如下表所示。
(2)形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词，可在句中作定语。例如：
0ur teacher is coming to see us.
(3)名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词，在句中可用作主语、宾语和表语。例如：
Our school is here，and theirs is there.(作主语)-ls this English book yours?(作表语)-No. Mine is in my bag.(作主语)l've already finished my homework Have you finishedyours?(作宾语)
3.指示代词指示代词包括：this,that,these,those。
(1) this和these -般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人;that和those则指时间和空间上较远的事物或人。例如：
This is a pen and that is a pencil.
We are busy these days.
In those days the workers had a hard time.
(2)有时that和those可指前面讲到过的事物，this和th。。。则是指下面将要讲到的事物。例如：
l had a cold. That's why I didn't come.
What l want to say is this: pronunciation is veryimportant in learning English
(3)有时为了避免重复，常可用that或those代替。
例如：
Television sets made in Beijing are just as good asthose made in Shanghai.
(4)this在电话用语中代表自己，that则代表对方。
例如：
Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?
4.反身代词英语中用来表示“我自己”“你自己…‘他自己”“我们自己”“你们自己”等意义的代词称为反身代词，也有人称之为自身代名词，其形式如下表所示。
| 人称数 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 |
| 单数 | myself | yourself | hinwelf, herself, itself |
| 复数 | ourselves | yourselVeS | themselves |
反身代词可以在句中作宾语、表语、同位语。
(1)作宾语，表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者，主语和宾语指同一个人或一些人。例如：
He called himself a writer.
Would you please express yourself in English?
(2)作表语。例如：
It doesn't matter. 1'II be myself soonThe girl in the news is myself.
(3)作主语或宾语的同位语，表示亲自或本人。例如：
I myself washed the clothes.(一Iwashed the clothe:
by myself.)(作主语同位语)You should ask the teacher himself.(作宾语同位语)
5.不定代词不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下：
(1) some与any的区别。
①some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”，作形容词时，后面可以接;a.不可数名词十单数动词.b.可数名词十复数动词。例如：
Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library.
Some rice in the bag has been sold out
②any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”，用作形容词时，后面可以接：a.不可数名词十单数动词.b.可数名词十复数动词。例如：
1f you have any questions, please ask me.
There isn't any orange in the bottle.
Have you got any tea?
③any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用于肯定句中。例如：
-How many people can you see in the picture?
-I can't see any.
If you have no money, 1'11 lend you some.
注意：与some，any结合的词如something，scmebodY，someone，anything，anyone，anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法和some，any的用法大致相同。
(2) few，a few，little，alittle在用法上的区别。
①用作形容词。
| 含义用法 | 表示肯定 | 表示否定 |
| 用 于可数名词 | a few虽少，但有 几个 |
few不多，几乎 没有 |
| 用于不可数名词 | a little虽少，但 有 一点 |
Little不多，没有 什么 |
I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese
There is only a little milk in the glass.
He has few friends.
They had little money with them
②a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。
I'm a little hungry.(修饰形容词hungry)
Let him sleep a little(修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please.(修饰副词比较级)
She slept very little last night.
( 3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区Zil。
| 代名词 | 形容词 | |||
| 用法 | 单数 | 复数 | 单数 | 复数 |
不定 |
another 另一个 |
others 别人，其他人 |
another (boy) 另一个（男孩） |
other (boys) 其他（男孩） |
特定 |
the other 另一个 |
the others 其余那些人、物 |
the other( boy) 另一个（男孩） |
the other (boys) 其余那些（男孩） |
①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的，别的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one
②other也可以用代词，与冠词the连用构成“theother”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one.the other.”句型。
He has two brothers. ()ne is ten years old, the otheris five years old.
She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book inthe other.
③other作代词用时，可以有复数形式“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some..others..”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large Show me some others, please
④“the others'’表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by four o'clock, but the others didn'tget back until eight o'clockIn our class only Tom is Canadian, and the others areChinese.
⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one。
You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would youplease show her another one?
⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
l'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please giveme another.
(4) every与each的区别。
| each | every |
| ①可单独使用 | ①不可单独使用 |
| ②可作代名词、形容词 | ②仅作形容词 |
| ③着重“个别” | ③着重“全体”，毫无例外 |
| ④用于两者或两者以上中的 每一个人或物 |
④用于三者或三者以上每一 个人或物 |
The teacher gave a toy to each child.
Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child，each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况;而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况。every的意思与all接近，表示“(他们)都如此”。
Every student loves the English teacher. - All studentslove the English teacher.
Every child likes playing. =All children like playing.
(5)all和both的用法。
①all指三者或三者以上，可数或不可数的人、物。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr. Pope,-,我们都喜欢蒲柏先生。(作主语)=We all like Mr. Pope.(作同位语)All the water has been used up.(作主语)That's all for today.(作表语)Why not eat all (of) the fish?(作宾语)All the leaders are here.(作定语)
②both作代词。
与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两者都”，谓语动词用复数。
Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time.
How are your parents? They're both fine.
与“of+代词(或名词)”连用，表示“两者都”。
Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting.
单独使用，表示“两者(都)”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better.I shall read both
③both可用作形容词，放在名词之前修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。
Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
There are tall trees on both sides of the street.
6.相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other和one another两种形式。在现代英语中，eachother和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语、定语，作定语用时相互代词要用所有格形式。
We should leam from each other/one another.(作宾语)Do you often write to each other/one anoffier?(作宾语)We often borrow each otb.-.'s/one another's books.
(作定语)The studenis corrected each other's/one another'smistakes in their homework(作定语)
7.疑问代词疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。
疑问代词常用于特殊疑问句中，一般放在句首并在句子中作某一句子成分。例如：
Who is going to come here tomorrow?(作主语)What is that?(作表语)Whose umbrella.is this?(作定语)Whom are you waiting for?(作宾语)
8.关系代词关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有who，whose，whom，that，which,它们在从句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语。在主句中，它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。
例如：
I hate people who talk much but do little.
I'm looking at the photograph which you sent mewith your letter.
With the money that he had saved, he went on withhis studies.
Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?
三.数词表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
1.基数词
(1)基数词写法和读法：345 three hundred and forty-five。
(2)基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：
①与of短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连用，如scores of people指许多人。
②在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里，如Theyarrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两地到达了。
③表示“几十岁”。
④表示“年代”，用in+the+数词复数。
⑤在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：3×5-15Three fives is (are) fifteen2.序数词基数词变为序数词时可以借助以下口诀来记忆变化规律：
一二三要全变，其他后面th添;八去t九去e，以y结尾改ie;five，twelve两兄弟，ve要用f替;若是遇到几十几，只变个位就可以。
序数词的缩写形式：first-lst;second-2nd; thirty-first-31st3.数词的用法(1)倍数表示法①主语十谓语十倍数(或分数)+as+adj. +asl have three times as many as you我有你三倍那么多。
②主语十谓语十倍数(分数)+the size (amount,length..)of...The earth js 49 times the size of the moon地球是月球的49倍大。
③主语十谓语十倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than..The grain output is eight percent higher this yearthan that of last year.今年’比去年粮食产量增加8%。
④还可以用by+倍数，表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increased by fourtimes this year.今年粮食产量增加了四倍。
(2)分数表示法构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子用单数，分母序数词用复数。
1/3 0ne-third; 3/37 three thirty-sevenths
参考答案
练习一：(l)at (2)at (3)in (4)in (5)on (6)to(7)over (8)on (9)above (10)under (ll)below练习二：(l)in (2) on (3) in (4) in (5) at(6)不填(7) on
练习三：(1) besides (2)in, by (3)between(4) through