三、书面表达常用开头及过渡用语
(一)良好的开端等于成功的一半。
在写作文时，通常用最简单也最常用的方式——开门见山法。也就是说，直截了当地提出你对某个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。
1.议论文用语
A.Just as every coin has two sides, cars have bothadvantages and disadvantages.
B. Compared to/In comparison with letters, rmailsare more convement.
C. When it comes to computers, some people think theyhave brought us a lot of convenience However,...
D.()pinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantagesof living in the city and.m the countrysideE As is known to all/As we all know, computers haveplayed an important role/part in our daily lifeF. Why do you go to university? Different people havedifferent points of view.
2.书信用语
A1 am writing to you to apply for admission to youruniversity as a visiting scholar.
b1 read an advertisement in today's China Daily andI apply for the job.
C. Thank you for your letter of May 5 1D. How happy I am to receive yDur letter of January 9!
E. How nice to hear-from you again!
A Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention,please? I have an announcement to make.
B Attention, please! 1 have something important totell you.
C. Mr. Green, welcome to our school! To beginwith, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.
4.演讲稿用语
A Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored tohave a chance here to make a speech on thesubject-A Balance Diet and Health.
B Good moming everyone! Allow me, first of all, onbehalf of all pre;ent here, to extend our warm welcome.
and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest
(二)并列用语 :as well as, not only. . . but ( also). . .
includingA.Not onjy do computers play an important part inscience and technology, but also play aninformative role in our daily lifeB. All of us, including the teachers/the teachersincluded, will attend the lectureC. He speaks French as well as English. He speaksEnglish, and French as well. He speaks not onlyEnglish but also FrenchD. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing animportant part in daily communication
(三)对比用语:on one hand, on the other hand, onthe contrary/contrary to... though, for one thing, foranother, neverthelessA l know the Internet can only be used at home or inthe office, but on the other hand, it is becoming. more and more popular for much information aswell as clear and vivid pictures.
B.lt is hard work; 1 enjoy it, thoughC.Contrary to what I had originally thought, the tripturned out to be fun
(四)递进用语： even, besides, what's more, worsestill, moreover, furthermore, but for, in addition, tomake matters worseThe house is too small for a family of four, andfurthennore/besides/what's more/moreover/in addition/worse still, it is in a bad location
(五)例证用语：in one's opinion, that is to say/inother words, for example, for instance, as a matter offact, in fact, namelyA. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays aninformative role in our daily life.
B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is(to say), the question of education
(六)时序用语： first/firstly, meanwhife, before long,ever since, while, at the same time, in the meantime,shortly after, nowadaysA. They will be here soorL Meanwhile, let's havecoffee.
B There are three reasons for this decision: first ..
(七 )强调用语: especially, indeed, at least, at themost, what in the world/on earth... not at all .
A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are tryingto sleep.
B. What in the world/on earth are you doing?
(八)因果语句：thanks to, because, as a result,because of/as a result of, without, with the help of...
A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainlyto the improvement in export sales.
R As a result, many of us succefded in passing theCollege Entrance Examinations.
(九)总结用语inshort，briefly/in brief，generallyspeaking/in general，蛔a\wrd,as you Imow,as is Imown to allA Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is moreconvenient than sending letters.
B.ln short, measures must be taken to prevent theenvironment being polluted.
四、写作三绝招写作绝招一 (如何写好开头和结尾)
(一)开头万能公式
1.名人名言。有人问了：“我没有记住名言，怎么办?
尤其是英语名言?”很好办：编!原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理!经典句型：A proverbsays，“You are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be youngforever.(适用于自编名言)更多经典句型：As everyoneknows, no one can deny that...
2.数字统计原理。要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管它三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：
According to a recent survey, about 78. 9~6 0f the collegestudents wanted to further their study after their graduation
(二)结尾万能公式
1.如此结论。开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了!比如下面.的例子：
(bviously(此为过渡短语)，we can draw the conclusionthat good manners arise from politenass and respect for others如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!
更多过渡短语：to sum up，in conclusion，in brief，onaccount of this，thus更多句型：Thus，it can be concluded that...Therefore，we can find that...
2.如此建议。如果谢‘如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议’，应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。(bviotBly，it is high time that we took some measuras to solve the problem这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢?
更多句型：
Accorclingly,l recornnend that some measur~ be takenConsequently, to solve the problem, some measuresshould be taken
写作绝招二 (写作的七项基本原则)
(一)长短句原则
工作还得一张一弛呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!相反有时写一个短小精辟的句子却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：As a creature,I eat; as a man,I read. Althoughone action is to meet the primary need of my body and theother is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are ina way quite similar.
(二)主题句原则
国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主，否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂，不知所云!
所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!
(三)一、二、三原则
领导讲话总是第一部分，第一点、第二点、第三点;第二部分，第一点……如此I罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。
1.to begin with，then，furthermore，finally(强烈推荐)
2.to start with，next，inLaddition，finally(强烈推荐)
3.first and foremost,besides,last but not leas-t(强烈推荐)
4.on the one hand，on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)
5.for one tHng，for another thing(适用于两点的情况)
(四)短语优先原则
写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一，用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点——精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二，关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!例如：l can not bear it.可以用短语表达：1 can not put up witht.1 want it.可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。
(五)多实少虚原则
原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个人很好的时候，不应该只说mce这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous，humorous，interestmg, smart,gentle, warm-hearted' hospital之类的形象词。再如：
走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!
(六)多变句式原则
1.加法(串联)
都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是在任何句子之间加and，但最好是前后的句子或先后关系或者并列关系。
例如：
I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.
如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：
Not only is the fur coat soft, but it is also warm其他的短语可以用：
besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover
2.转折(拐弯抹角)
批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个转折就够了。
The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent conditionThe coat was thin, but it was wann
更多的短语：despite that，still，however，nevertheless，in spite of, despite, not withstanding
3.先后或因果(then，so)
昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成了朋友……
可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以“然后”这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后关系或因果关系。
The snow began to fall, so we went home.
更多的短语：then，therefore，consequently，accordingly，hence,as a rasult, for this reason,so that
4.失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)
有些人脑袋大身体小，或者有些人脑袋小身体大，虽然他们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实这就是主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句的变形。
例如：This is what I can do.
Whetherhe can go with us or not is not sure同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：
when to go; why he goes away...
5.附加(多此一举)
有的人经常会遇到这样的情况，当你在讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某。
如果把这个人的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。
The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mineI don't enjoy that book you are reading.
Mr. Liu, our oral English teacher, is easygoing.
其实很简单，同位语——要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句一一借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。
6.排比(排山倒海句)
文学作品中最吸引入的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个的对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个的词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!
Whether your tastes are modem or traditional,sophisticated or simple, there are plenty in I_ondon for youNowadays, energy can be obtained through varioussources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, thewind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope ofknowledge.to realize our potentials and to pay for our life(气势恢宏)要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!
(七)挑战极限原则
既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非高不可攀!
原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。例如：
The weather being fine,a large number of peoplewent to climb the Western Hills.
Africa is the second largest continent, its size beingabout three times that of China.
如果你可以写出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!
写作绝招三 (文章主体段落三大杀手锏)
(一)举实例
思维短路，举实例!提出一个观点，举实例!提出一个方案，举实例!而且这也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子!
In order to attract more customers, advertisers haveadopted every possible simulative factor in making ads,such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and humanperformance. For instance, to advertise a certain food,advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table anddevour the seemingly delicious food.
更多句型：to take…as an example，one exampleis…, another example is..,,for example
(二)作比较方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点(throughcomparison)和不同点(through contrast)。下面是一些短语：
相似的比较：in comparison，likewise，similarly，inthe same manner
相反的比较：on the other hand，conversely，whereas，while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary,compared with
(三)没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章再多一些字，或者文绉绉地说，让读者更充分地理解你的观点实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字：I love you!
I am enthusiastic about youThat is to say,1 love youI am wild about you. In other words,I have fallen inlove with you.更多的短语：in more difficult language，in simplerwords, put it more simply